On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Penn ended the programme by visiting the tombs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York in Henrys chapel at Westminster Abbey, a chapel that remains at the heart of political life. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. Henry VIII was the first English king to be called "Your Majesty.". Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. 1509. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. What old December's bareness every where! Yet in the hands of a narrator as accomplished as Penn, the reign acquires its own, troubling fascination. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. It was no easy feat. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. The author does a good job drawing on his sources and bringing the characters to life while staying true to the history, but the subject matter is just not inherently as sexy as Henry VIIIs or Elizabeth Is reigns. He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. [66], Henry wanted to maintain the Spanish alliance. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? Henry started a new policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! After Wolf Hall, I wanted to find out about Henry VII, the lesser-studied father of Henry VIII, who founded the Tudor Dynasty. (HIST003) Persecutions, Populations and Politics: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST004) Country, Colonies and Culture: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST006) The Stuart Court: History Politics and Culture, (HIST010) The Tudors: History, Culture and Religion, (HIST011) The English Country House: History, Architecture and Landscape, (HIST018) The Changing English Countryside, 20th Century Musicals: A Celebration of Song and Dance on the Silver Screen and the Stage. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. All the information is from Thomas Penn. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. An ally of Henry's, Viscount Jean du Qulennec[fr], soon arrived, bringing news that Francis had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? I would read more by this author. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. of course, a large proportion of my opinion is probably due to the fact that i knew a lot about henry vii already, and Penn tried to create quite a thrilling/mysterious feel, which is all well and good if you don't already know how everything plays out. Poor Henry VII. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. : (April 25, 1883. Henry VII: The Winter King. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. He had unified the kingdom, accrued immense wealth and created the most notorious dynasty in English history: the Tudors. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. Up to a point, he succeeded. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. Their main aim was money. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. Pembroke Castle, birthplace of Henry VII [ JKMMX ] [ CC BY-SA 3.0 ]. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. A King from upstart usurper to renaissance monarch to Machiavellian schemer. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. During his 23-year reign, Henry had only two Lord High Treasurers, and this continuity helped provide stability. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Penn is not one to understate a case. He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. Henry VII is usually treated as a charmless and thrifty prelude to the big reign of Henry VIII, with the inevitable marriage of Henry and Catherine of Aragon, and the reversal of his father's bully policies for a golden age of chivalry and, you know, all the crazy shit Henry VIII was about to do. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. Its inhabitant was once one of England's most exuberant kings, yet his resting place was only re-discovered in 1813. Though outnumbered, Henry's Lancastrian forces decisively defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. 4. - and that was only about 50% of the book, it was only about 50% interesting to me. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. The insurrections fronted by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck emerged from wide and formidable networks of conspiracy that drew in foreign rulers and leading English magnates, and infiltrated Henry's court. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. But definitely rewarding! Happy St Davids Day! They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder.
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